A Rare Xanthogranulomatous Oophoritis Presenting as Ovarian Cancer

Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is an uncommon form of chronic inflammation that is destructive to affected organs; it is characterized by the presence of lipid-filled macrophages with admixed lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils. Only a few cases of xanthogranulomatous oophoritis have been reported to date. We describe a rare case of xanthogranulomatous oophoritis with involvement of omentum

Directed Explicit Model Checking with HSF-SPIN

We present the explicit state model checker HSF-SPIN which is based on the model checker SPIN and its Promela modeling language. HSF-SPIN incorporates directed search algorithms for checking safety and a large class of LTL-specified liveness properties. We start off from the A* algorithm and define heuristics to accelerate the search into the direction of a specified failure situation. Next we propose an improved nested depth-first search algorithm that exploits the structure of Promela Never-Claims. As a result of both improvements, counterexamples will be shorter and the explored part of the state space will be smaller than with classical approaches, allowing to analyze larger state spaces. We evaluate the impact of the new heuristics and algorithms on a set of protocol models, some of which are real-world industrial protocols

Chromaticity in all-reflective telescopes for astrometry

Chromatic effects are usually associated with refractive optics, so reflective telescopes are assumed to be free from them. We show that all-reflective optics still bears significant levels of such perturbations, which is especially critical to modern micro-arcsecond astrometric experiments. We analyze the image formation and measurement process to derive a precise definition of the chromatic variation of the image position, and we evaluate the key aspects of optical design with respect to chromaticity. The fundamental requirement related to chromaticity is the symmetry of the optical design and of the wavefront errors. Finally, we address some optical engineering issues, such as manufacturing and alignment, providing recommendations to minimize the degradation that chromaticity introduces into astrometry.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figure

Fabrication, Mechanical and Wear Properties of Aluminum (Al6061)-Silicon Carbide-Graphite Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites

In recent times, the use of aluminum alloy-based Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites (HMMCs) is being increased in aerospace and automotive applications. HMMCs compensate for the low desirable properties of each filler used. However, the mechanical properties of HMMCs are not well understood. In particular, microstructural investigations and wear optimization studies of HMMCs are not clear. Therefore, further studies are required. The present study is aimed at fabricating and mechanical and wear characterizing and microstructure investigating of Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Graphite (Gr) added in Aluminum (Al) alloy Al6061 HMMCs. The addition of SiC particles was in the range from 0 to 9 weight percentage (wt.%) in steps of 3, along with the addition of 1 wt.% Gr in powder form. The presence of alloying elements in the Al6061 alloy was identified using the Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX). The dispersion of SiC and Gr particles in the alloy was investigated using metallurgical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The gain in strength can be attributed to the growth in dislocation density. The nature of fracture was quasi-cleavage. The microstructure examination reveals the uniform dispersion of the reinforcement. Density, hardness, and Ultimate Tensile Strength values observed to be increased with increased contents of SiC reinforcement. Besides, wear studies were performed in dry sliding conditions. Optimization studies were performed to investigate the effect of parameters that affecting the wear. The sliding wear resistance was noticed to be improved concerning higher amounts of reinforcement leading to a decrease in delamination and adhesive wear. The predicted values for the wear rate have also been compared with the experimental results and good correlation is obtained

Galaxy Number Counts in the Subaru Deep Field: Multi-band Analysis in a Hierarchical Galaxy Formation Model

Number counts of galaxies are re-analyzed using a semi-analytic model (SAM) of galaxy formation based on the hierarchical clustering scenario. Faint galaxies in the Subaru Deep Field (SDF) and the Hubble Deep Field (HDF) are compared with our model galaxies. We have determined the astrophysical parameters in the SAM that reproduce observations of nearby galaxies, and used them to predict the number counts and redshifts of faint galaxies for three cosmological models, the standard cold dark matter (CDM) universe, a flat lambda-CDM, and an open CDM. The novelty of our SAM analysis is the inclusion of selection effects arising from the cosmological dimming of surface brightness of high-z galaxies, and from the absorption of visible light by internal dust and intergalactic HI clouds. As was found in our previous work, in which the UV/optical HDF galaxies were compared with our model galaxies, we find that our SAM reproduces counts of near-IR SDF galaxies in low-density models, and that the standard CDM universe is not preferred, as suggested by other recent studies. Moreover, we find that simple prescriptions for (1) the timescale of star formation being proportional to the dynamical time scale of the formation of galactic disks, (2) the size of galactic disks being rotationally supported with the same specific angular momentum as that of surrounding dark halo, and (3) the dust optical depth being proportional to the metallicity of cold gas, cannot completely explain all of observed data. Improved prescriptions incorporating mild z-dependence for those are suggested from our SAM analysis.Comment: 16 pages, 13 figures, to appear in Ap

Small-Scale Fluctuations in Cosmic X-ray Background : A Power Spectrum Approach

Equations to investigate fluctuations in cosmic X-ray background radiation due to point-like sources at high-redshift are formulated in a systematic way. The angular power spectrum of X-ray background fluctuations is investigated from large-scales to small-scales in various cosmological models such as open universe models and models with the cosmological constant, assuming a simple evolution model of the sources. The effect of epoch-dependent bias is demonstrated for small-angle fluctuations. The contribution from shot noise fluctuations is also discussed.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, Phys.Rev.D in pres

Galaxy number counts in the Hubble Deep Field as a strong constraint on a hierarchical galaxy formation model

Number counts of galaxies are re-analyzed using a semi-analytic model (SAM) of galaxy formation based on the hierarchical clustering scenario. We have determined the astrophysical parameters in the SAM that reproduce observations of nearby galaxies, and used them to predict the number counts and redshifts of faint galaxies for three cosmological models for (1) the standard cold dark matter (CDM) universe, (2) a low-density flat universe with nonzero cosmological constant, and (3) a low-density open universe with zero cosmological constant. The novelty of our SAM analysis is the inclusion of selection effects arising from the cosmological dimming of surface brightness of high-redshift galaxies, and also from the absorption of visible light by internal dust and intergalactic \ion{H}{1} clouds. Contrary to previous SAM analyses which do not take into account such selection effects, we find, from comparison with observed counts and redshifts of faint galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field (HDF), that the standard CDM universe is {\it not} preferred, and a low-density universe either with or without cosmological constant is favorable, as suggested by other recent studies. Moreover, we find that a simple prescription for the time scale of star formation (SF), being proportional to the dynamical time scale of the formation of the galactic disk, is unable to reproduce the observed number- redshift relation for HDF galaxies, and that the SF time scale should be nearly independent of redshift, as suggested by other SAM analyses for the formation of quasars and the evolution of damped Ly-$\alpha$ systems.Comment: 16 pages, 13 figures, LaTeX, using emulateapj5.st

Numerical Galaxy Catalog -I. A Semi-analytic Model of Galaxy Formation with N-body simulations

We construct the Numerical Galaxy Catalog ($\nu$GC), based on a semi-analytic model of galaxy formation combined with high-resolution N-body simulations in a $\Lambda$-dominated flat cold dark matter ($\Lambda$CDM) cosmological model. The model includes several essential ingredients for galaxy formation, such as merging histories of dark halos directly taken from N-body simulations, radiative gas cooling, star formation, heating by supernova explosions (supernova feedback), mergers of galaxies, population synthesis, and extinction by internal dust and intervening HI clouds. As the first paper in a series using this model, we focus on basic photometric, structural and kinematical properties of galaxies at present and high redshifts. Two sets of model parameters are examined, strong and weak supernova feedback models, which are in good agreement with observational luminosity functions of local galaxies in a range of observational uncertainty. Both models agree well with many observations such as cold gas mass-to-stellar luminosity ratios of spiral galaxies, HI mass functions, galaxy sizes, faint galaxy number counts and photometric redshift distributions in optical pass-bands, isophotal angular sizes, and cosmic star formation rates. In particular, the strong supernova feedback model is in much better agreement with near-infrared (K'-band) faint galaxy number counts and redshift distribution than the weak feedback model and our previous semi-analytic models based on the extended Press-Schechter formalism. (Abridged)Comment: 26 pages including 27 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ, full-resolution version is available at http://grape.astron.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~yahagi/nugc

Gauge-ready formulation of the cosmological kinetic theory in generalized gravity theories

We present cosmological perturbations of kinetic components based on relativistic Boltzmann equations in the context of generalized gravity theories. Our general theory considers an arbitrary number of scalar fields generally coupled with the gravity, an arbitrary number of mutually interacting hydrodynamic fluids, and components described by the relativistic Boltzmann equations like massive/massless collisionless particles and the photon with the accompanying polarizations. We also include direct interactions among fluids and fields. The background FLRW model includes the general spatial curvature and the cosmological constant. We consider three different types of perturbations, and all the scalar-type perturbation equations are arranged in a gauge-ready form so that one can implement easily the convenient gauge conditions depending on the situation. In the numerical calculation of the Boltzmann equations we have implemented four different gauge conditions in a gauge-ready manner where two of them are new. By comparing solutions solved separately in different gauge conditions we can naturally check the numerical accuracy.Comment: 26 pages, 9 figures, revised thoroughly, to appear in Phys. Rev.